Las Vegas – The Seat of Clark County

Anybody who knows Geography knows where Nevada is situated. The U.S. state of Nevada has a very important place which is called Las Vegas. It is the seat of Clark County. Las Vegas is a very well-known resort city for gambling, shopping, fine dining and entertainment. One can very well name Las Vegas as the Entertainment Capital of the World. There are a number of casino resorts and there are a number of associated entertainments. For people who have retired, and for families, Las Vegas is the right place.

Las Vegas got its name by the members of a certain party in 1829. In the 19th century, small parts of the Las Vegas valley possessed artesian wells. These also supported extensive green areas. The name Las Vegas is the Spanish translation of ‘The Meadows’. Las Vegas has been named as the 28th most populous city in the United States. The estimated population of Las Vegas is 603,093. When we take the Las Vegas metropolitan area into consideration, it has a population of about 1,836,333.

Las Vegas was established in 1905, and the place officially became a city in 1911. A rapid growth followed, and at the end of the century Las Vegas became the most populous American city in the 20th century. The city has a tolerance for various forms of adult entertainment. This has earned the name of Sin City for Las Vegas. Las Vegas is the right resort for films and television programs. There are a number of outdoor lighting displays in Las Vegas. These are also seen elsewhere in the cityl. When the place is viewed from space, it is the brightest on earth.
The application of the name Las Vegas is often for the unincorporated areas that are in the vicinity of the city. It is also particularly for the resort areas in the vicinity of the Las Vegas strip. as Las Vegas. The artesian wells fed the Las Vegas wash which ran to the Colorado river.

There was a virtual marsh of abundant water and vegetation, which is now the Las Vegas valley and most of southern Nevada. In course of time, the present rivers dipped to the ground, and moreover the marshes also receded. The valley also evolved into a parched arid landscape which supported very few life and vegetation.
The Colorado river was the one into which the water submerged below the terrain emptied. The plant life multiplied and created a wetland oasis in the Mojave Desert Landscape.

There is evidence of prehistoric life in Las Vegas valley. It emerged as construction workers discovered the remains of Columbian mammoth. There are some paleontologists who estimate that the mammoth lived in that area about 8,000 to 15,000 years ago.

The discovery of Las Vegas valley happened in 1829. It happened as a caravan of 60 men lead by Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo trod the area. They were creating a trade route to Los Angeles by following a certain tributary from the Colorado river which eventually lead to the Las Vegas valley.

The era of megaresort started in 1989 with the construction of the Mirage. It was built by the developer Steve Wynn, and it was the first resort which was built with money from Wall The Street. A number of landmark hotels and other structures were leveled down to make way for bigger and more opulent resorts

Washington, D.C. – Cosmopolitan Capital of United States

Washington D.C. dominates as the capital of the world’s wealthiest and most powerful nation with an elegant dignity, restored in its remarkable monuments, memorials and museums. It is extremely welcoming with the key attractions of concealed rooftop restaurants, incomparable dining spots including the events ranging from street exhibitions and DJ nights to the various amazing festivals held every season of the year.
A visit to the places like, Lincoln Memorial, the White House, Arlington National Cemetery, the U.S. Holocaust Museum and many other monuments leave us stunned with lifetime impressions of history and influence of Washington, D.C.

Ten major attractions
Anyone visiting Washington D.C. is really in a fix to choose the trip to the most prominent destinations. Some of the truly impressive destinations that should be visited include:
1. Cathedral of St Matthew The Apostle
2. National Zoological Park
3. National Japanese American Memorial
4. George Washington University
5. Watergate Complex
6. Marine Barracks
7. Kreeger Museum
8. National Sculpture Garden
9. Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens
10. Franciscan Monastery

Top 10 Restaurants, Bars and Disco
1. Buck’s Fishing & Camping – Cuisine: American
2. Mitsitam Native Foods Cafe – Cuisine: Belgian
3. Rosa Mexicano – Cuisine: Caribbean
4. Ice Cream Parlor – Cuisine: Desserts
5. Maxim – Cuisine: Eastern European
6. Montmartre – Cuisine: French
7. Mourayo – Cuisine: Greek
8. Bombay Club – Cuisine: Indian
9. Teaism – Cuisine: Japanese
10. Florida Avenue Grill – Cuisine: Local food

Baltimore – There’s a lot to love about this city

Hey we have tried to put consolidated tourism information for Baltimore in our web log, however, we have made our best efforts to put as much Baltimore travel information which we assume will be of great help to you. We have got useful information on the best places the city has to offer. Renowned for great seafood and never-say-no to life attitude makes this city a worldly city. Millions of tourist visits Baltimore every year and all take back bag full of fond memories of the city. This wonder land is worldly famous for its Baltimore Orioles play ball at Camden Yards or one can catch a Baltimore Ravens football game.

There are unlimited list of activities a tourist can really engage in Baltimore. Baltimore offers a perfect combination of work and pleasure provided you keep them separate. There are numerous state-of-the-art convention facilities being used by corporations not only from USA but across the globe. An event of any scale can be organised almost effortlessly.

The current mayor of Baltimore is Ms. Sheila Dixon!!!

Popular place like Inner Harbor houses many restaurants, up-market unique shopping centres, famous museums, live entertainment, local pubs and taverns. One may select to stay from a long list of Inner Harbor Hotels. These places are full of action and full spirit of life. On your visit to Baltimore, you may explore the famous museums, the Baltimore Aquarium, the Maryland Science Centre, or The Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History.

Alongside the modern day tourist spots, Baltimore offers a very rich cultural history and tourists must explore the historical attractions in Baltimore like Fort McHenry – home of the National Anthem – all these tourist attractions never fail amaze you and it does add a whole new perspective to this awesome city.

The city of joy, Baltimore, is viewed differently by each tourist, where history coexists with modern infrastructure; where the historical Fort McHenry is a testimony to the home of the national anthem. Hotels, unique shopping centres, famous museums, place of live entertainment & events. Baltimore will certainly thrill the tourists and will energize with so much to choose from. The historical and cultural places the modern day infrastructure and a seamless integration of past and future is just unbelievable.

Inspite of modern Hotels, unique shopping centres, famous museums, live entertainments Baltimore museums offer learning to teach tourists of its rich history and culture. Come to explore the city and its history. There is series of museums located all over Baltimore around the Inner Harbor, and it is sure to have almost everything to offer for each age group. Tourist must not miss on the new museums and cultural attractions.

For avid art lover, Baltimore is an ultimate place, be sure to stop at either the Baltimore Museum of Art, Maryland’s largest art museum; the American Visionary Art Museum, which displays original works of art created by self-taught artists; or the Walters Art Museum, which proudly boasts 55 centuries of art from around the world.

Software Development Engineers (C, C++) at Mentor Graphics

Mentor Graphics is a leading supplier of products and services used by companies worldwide in the design of the electronic content of their products. We are unique in providing solutions for both the hardware components (the chips and boards) and the software components (the embedded operating systems and applications/drivers that control the product’s operation). Our strength lies in helping customers design leading-edge products for fast-paced markets (e.g. wireless communications, and internet network servers) with shorter product development cycles and minimal technology risk. In essence, we help our customers build better electronic products, sooner — improving their profit potential.Mentor Graphics India located at Hyderabad is a 100% subsidiary of Mentor Graphics Corporation and is focused on Research and Development. Established in 1997, it has emerged as a ‘Center of Excellence’ and is poised for phenomenal growth.

Designation Software Development Engineers (C, C++)

Job Description • Design, development, enhancement of Mentor Graphics Wire Harness suite of products.

• Participate in product development projects including, specifications, design, scheduling, implementation and maintenance so that schedules and releases are predictable and measurable against project objectives and goals.

• Interface with other developers as needed to understand and manage interdependencies of project tasks, product and flow integration issues.

• Participate in reviews and/or inspections of, designs, specifications, and code.

• Acquire and maintain knowledge of current tools, languages, and processes as determined necessary to support design, implementation, and release of current and future software.

Desired Profile • B Tech / M Tech in CSE from a premier engineering institute

• 4-7 year of experience in developing or enhancing software products

• Strong background in Object-Oriented design, data structures, algorithm, C, C++ and Java programming is needed

• Knowledge of Graph theory application is a big plus.

Experience 3 – 7 Years

Industry Type IT-Software/ Software Services

Role Software Developer

Functional Area Application Programming, Maintenance

Education UG – B.Tech/B.E.

PG – M.Tech

Location Hyderabad / Secunderabad

Keywords Design, Development, Implementation, Maintenance, C++, Java Programming

Contact Mentor Graphics (I) Pvt Ltd

Email anuj_agarwal@mentor.com

Website http://www.mentor.com

Job Posted 28 Jan

SW Design Engineer in ST ERICSSON Grater Noida , NCR

Experience:3 – 5 Years Location:Grater Noida , NCR Education:UG – B.Tech/B.E. – Computers PG – Post Graduation Not RequiredIndustry Type:Semiconductors/ ElectronicsRole:Software DeveloperFunctional Area:Application Programming, MaintenancePosted Date:28 Jan

Job DescriptionPosition Description

The objective is to design and develop embedded software for Video Sub-System. The integration of openmax

multimedia components in Linux framework. The position requires excellent programming skills in C/C++ on Linux /

Android.

Desired Candidate ProfileEducation B.Tech/M.Tech (Computer Science or ECE)

Experience 3 to5 yrs total work experience with mandatory 3 yrs experience in Linux.

Skills Needed

Experience on OpenMAX Component development, Driver development

Experience in middleware integration (Packet Video, GStreamer, etc)

Strong background in OS & Embedded concepts

Company ProfileST ERICSSON
Contact Details Company Name:ST ERICSSON

phpBB 3.0 Installation Guide2 – Administration Control Panel

1.3. General settings

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In this section you will learn how to change some of the basic settings of your new board.

Right after the installation you will be redirected to the so called “Administration Control Panel” (ACP). You can also access this panel by clicking the [Administration Control Panel] link at the bottom of your forum. In this interface you can change everything about your board.

1.3.1. Board Settings
The first section of the ACP you will probably want to visit right after the installation is “Board Settings”. Here you can first of all change the name (Site name) and description (Site description) of your board.

1.3. Board Settings

Here you can edit the Site name and Site description of your board.

This form also holds the options for changing things like the timezone (System timezone) as well as the date format used to render dates/times (Date format).

There you can also select a new style (after having installed it) for your board and enforce it on all members ignoring whatever style they’ve selected in their “User Control Panel”. The style will also be used for all forums where you haven’t specified a different one. For details on where to get new styles and how to install them, please visit the styles home page at phpbb.com.

If you want to use your board for a non-English community, this form also lets you change the default language (Default Language) (which can be overridden by each user in their UCPs). By default, phpBB3 only ships with the English language pack. So, before using this field, you will have to download the language pack for the language you want to use and install it. For details, please read Language packs .

1.3.2. Board Features

If you want to enable or disable some of the basic features of your board, this is the place to go. Here you can allow and disallow for example username changes (Allow Username changes) or the creation of attachments (Allow Attachments). You can even disable BBCode altogether (Allow BBCode).

1.4. Board Features

Enabling and disabling basic features with just 2 clicks

Disabling BBCode completely is a little bit to harsh for your taste but you don’t want your users to abuse the signature field for tons of images? Simply set Allow use of IMG BBCode Tag in user signatures to “No”. If you want to be a little bit more specific on what you want to allow and disallow in users’ signatures, have a look at the “Signature Settings” form.

The “Board Features” form offers you a great way to control the features in an all-or-nothing way. If you want to get into the details on each feature, there is for everything also a separated form which let’s you specify everything from the maximum number of characters allowed in a post (Max characters per post in “Post Settings”) to how large a user’s avatar can be (Maximum Avatar Dimensions in “Avatar Settings”).

Important

If you disable features, these will also be unavailable to users who would normally have them according to their respective permissions. For details on the permissions system, please read Section 1.5, “Setting permissions” or the in-depth guide in the Administrator Guide.

1.4. Creating and setting up forums
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MennoniteHobbit

Forums are the sections where topics are stored. Without forums, your users would have nowhere to post! Creating forums is very easy.

Firstly, make sure you are logged in. Find the [ Administration Control Panel ] link at the bottom of the page, and click it. You should be in the Administration Index. You can administer your board here.

There are tabs at the top for the Administration Control Panel that will guide you to each category. You must get to the Forum Administration section to create a forum, so click the Forums tab.

The Forum Administration Index is where you can manage forums on your site. Along with being able to create forums, you are also able to create subforums. Subforums are forums that are located in a parent forum in a hierachy. For more information about subforums, see the administration guide on subforums.

Find the Create new forum button on the right side of the page. Type in the name of the forum you wish in the textbox located directly to the left of this button. For example, if the forum name was to be Test, in the text box put Test. Once you are done, click the Create new forum button create the forum.

You should see a page headed with the text “Create new forum :: Test”. You can change options for your forum; for example you can set what forum image the forum can use, if it’s a category, or what forum rules text will belong to the forum. You should type up a brief description for the forum as users will be able to figure out what the forum is for.

1.5. Creating a new forum

Here you can choose the name and the description of your a new forum.

The default settings are usually good enough to get your new forum up and running; however, you may change them to suit your needs. But there are three key forum settings that you should pay attention to. The Parent Forum setting allows you to choose which forum your new forum will belong to. Be careful to what level you want your forum to be in. (The Parent Forum setting is important when creating subforums. For more information on subforums, continue reading to the section on creating subforums) The “Copy Permissions” setting allows you to copy the permissions from an existing forum to your new forum. Use this if you want to keep permissions constant. The forum style setting allows you to set which style your new forum will display. Your new forum can show a different style to another. For more information on each forum setting, see the Section 3.3, “Forum Admin”

Once you’re done configuring the settings of your new forum, scroll to the bottom of the page and click the Submit button to create your forum and it’s settings. If your new forum was created successfully, the screen will show you a success message.

If you wish to set permissions for the forum (or if you do not click on anything), you will see the forum permissions screen. If you do not want to (and want to use the default permissions for your new forum), click on the Back to previous page link. Otherwise, continue and set each setting to what you wish. Once you are done, click the Apply all Permissions button at the bottom of the page. You will see the successful forum permissions updated screen if it worked.

Important

If you do not set any permissions on this forum it will not be accessible to anyone (including yourself).

You have successfully updated your forum permissions and set up your new forum. To create more forums, follow this general procedure again.

.5. Setting permissions

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After you created your first forum, you have to decide who has access to it and what your users are allowed to do and what not. This is what Permissions are for. You can disallow guests to post or hand out moderating powers, for instance. Almost every aspect of user interaction with phpBB3 Olympus can be adjusted with permissions.

1.5.1. Permission types

There are four different types of permissions:

User/Group permissions (global) – e.g. disallow changing avatar

Administrator permissions (global) – e.g. allow to manage forums

Moderator permissions (global or local) – e.g. allow to lock topics or ban users (only global)

Forum permissions (local) – e.g. allow to see a forum or post topics

Each permission type consists of a different set of permissions and can apply either locally or globally. A global permission type is set for your whole bulletin board. If you disallow one of your users to send Private Messages, for instance, you have to do this with the global user permission. Administrator permission are also global.

1.6. Global and local permissions

Global and local permissions

On the other hand local permissions do only apply to specific forums. So if you disallow someone to post in one forum, for instance, it will not impact the rest of the board. The user will still be able to post in any other forum he has the local permission to post.

You can appoint moderators either globally or locally. If you trust some of your users enough, you can make them Global Moderators. They can moderate all forums they have access to with the permissions you assign to them. Compared to that, local moderators will only be able to moderate the number of forums you select for them. They can also have different moderator permissions for different forums. While they are able to delete topics in one forum, they may not be allowed to do it in another. Global moderators will have the same permissions for all forums.

1.5.2. Setting forum permissions

To set the permissions for your new forum we need the local Forum Based Permissions. First you have to decide how you want to set the permissions. If you want to set them for a single group or user, you should use the Group or User Forum Permissions. They will allow you to select one group or user, and then select the forums you want to set the permissions for.

But for this Quick Start Guide we will concentrate on the Forum Permissions. Instead of selecting a user or group, you select the forums you want to change first. You can select them either by selecting the forums manually in the top list, or by single forum and single forum plus subforums respectively in the lower pull down menus. Submit will bring you to the next page.

1.7. Select Groups

Select Groups or Users to set Forum Permissions

The Forum Permissions page shows you two columns, one for users and one for groups to select (see Figure 1.7, “Select Groups”). The top lists on both columns labelled as Manage Users and Manage Groups show users and groups that already have permissions on at least one of your selected forums set. You can select them and change their permissions with the Edit Permissions button, or use Remove Permissions to remove them which leads to them not having permissions set, and therefore not being able to see the forum or have any access to it (unless they have access to it through another group). The bottom boxes allow you to add new users or groups, that do not currently have permissions set on at least one of your selected forums.

To add permissions for groups, select one or more groups either in the Add Groups list (this works similar with users, but if you want to add new users, you have to type them in manually in the Add Users text box or use the Find a member function). Add Permissions will take you to the permission interface. Each forum you selected is listed, with the groups or users to change the permissions for below them.

There are two ways to assign permissions: You can set them manually or use predefined Permission Roles for a simpler but less powerful way. You can switch between both approaches any time you want. You can skip the manual permission introduction and jump directly into the section on “Permissions Roles”, if you are eager to get everything running as quickly as possible. But remember that permission roles do only offer a small bit of what the permission system has to offer and we believe that to be a good Olympus administrator, you have to fully grasp permissions.

Both ways only differ in the way you set them. They both share the same interface.

1.5.3. Manual permissions

This is the most important aspect of permissions. You need to understand this to properly work with them. There are three different values that a permission can take:

YES will allow a permission setting unless it is overwritten by a NEVER.

NO will be disallow a permission setting unless it is overwritten by a YES.

NEVER will completely disallow a permission setting for a user. It cannot be overwritten by a YES.

The three values are important as it is possible for a user to have more than one permissions for the same setting through multiple groups. If the user is a member of the default “Registered Users” group and a custom group called “Senior Users” you created for your most dedicated members, both could have different permissions for seeing a forum. In this example you want to make a forum called “Good old times” only available to the “Senior Users” group, but don’t want all “Registered Users” to see it. You will of course set the Can see forum permission to Yes for “Senior Users”. But do not set the permission to Never for “Registered Users”. If you do this, “Senior Members” will not see the forum as the Never overrides any Yes they have. Leave the setting at No instead. No is a weak Never that a Yes can override.

1.8. Manual permissions

Setting permissions manually

1.5.4. Permissions roles

phpBB3 Olympus ships with a number of default permission roles, that offer you a wide variety of options for setting permissions. Instead of having to check each radio button manually, you can select a predefined role in the Rolepull down list. Each role has a detailed description, that will pop up when you hover your mouse over it. Submit your changes with Apply Permissions or Apply All Permissions when you are satisfied with them. That will set the permissions and you are done.

1.9. Permission roles

Setting permissions with roles

But permission roles are not only a quick and easy way to set permissions, they are also a powerful tool for experienced board administrators to manage permissions on bigger boards. You can create your own roles and edit existing ones. Roles are dynamic, so when you edit a role, all groups and users that have the role assigned will automatically be updated.

1.5.5. Assign moderators to forums

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A quite common use case for permissions and roles are forum moderation. phpBB3 makes assigning users as moderators of forums really simple.

As you might have already guessed, moderation of specific forums is a local setting, so you can find Forum Moderators in the section for Forum Based Permissions. First of all, you will have to select for forum (or forums) you want to assign new moderators to. This form is divided into three areas. In the first one, you can select multiple forums (select multiple by holding down the CTRL button on your keyboard, or cmd (under MacOS X)), where the moderator settings you will set in the following form will only apply to these exact forums. The second area allows you to select only one forum but all the following settings will apply not only to this forum but also all its subforums. Finally, the third area’s selection will only affect exactly this forum.

After selecting the forums and hitting Submit, you will be greeted by a form you should already be familiar with from one of the previous sections in this guide: Figure 1.7, “Select Groups”. Here you can select the users or groups that should get some kind of moderation power over the selected forums. So go ahead: Select some users and/or groups and hit the Set Permissions button.

In the next form you can choose, what moderator permissions the selected users/groups should receive. First of all, there are some predefined roles from which you can select:

Standard Moderator

A Standard Moderator can approve or disapprove, edit and delete posts, delete or close reports, but not necessarily change the owner of a post. This kind of moderator can also issue warnings and view details of a post.

Simple Moderator

A Simple Moderator can edit posts and close and delete reports and can also view post details.

Queue Moderator

As a Queue Moderator, you can only approve or disapprove posts that landed in the moderator queue and edit posts.

Full Moderator

Full Moderators can do everything moderation-related; they can even ban users.

1.10. The Forum Moderator’s Permissions

Set the moderator’s permissions

When you’re done simply hit Apply all Permissions. All the permissions mentioned here can also be selected from the right side of the form to give you more granular options.

1.5.6. Setting global permissions

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Local Permissions are too local for you? Well, then phpBB3 has something to offer for you, too: Global Permissions:

Users Permissions

Groups Permissions

Administrators

Global Moderators

In “User Permissions” and “Group Permissions” you can allow and disallow features like attachments, signatures and avatars for specific users and user groups. Note that some of these settings only matter, if the respective feature is enabled in the “Board Features” (see Section 1.3.2, “Board Features” for details).

Under “Administrators” you can give users or groups administrator privileges like the ability to manage forums or change user permissions. For details on these settings please read the Section 3.7, “Permission Overload”.

The “Global Moderators” form offers you the same settings as the forum specific form (described in Section 1.5.5, “Assign moderators to forums”) but applies to all forums on your board.

1.6. Obtaining support

The phpBB Team provides many options for users to find support for their phpBB install. In addition to this very documentation, the support forum on www.phpbb.com has many answers that users like you are searching for. Therefore, we highly recommend the use of the search feature before asking a new question. If you are unable to find an answer, feel free to post a new topic asking for help. Be sure to be descriptive when explaining your problem! The more we know about what is happening, the faster we can provide you with the answer you are looking for. Be sure to fill out the Support Request Template with the information it asks for.

In addition to the support forum on www.phpbb.com, we provide a Knowledge Base for users to read and submit articles on common answers to questions. Our community has taken a lot of time in writing these articles, so be sure to check them out.

We provide realtime support in #phpBB on the popular Open Source IRC network, Freenode. You can typically find someone from each of the teams in here, as well as fellow users who are more than happy to help you out. Be sure to read the IRC rules before joining the channel, as we have a few basic netiquette rules that we ask users to follow. At any given time, there can be as many as 60 users, if not more in the channel, so you are almost certain to find someone there to help you. However, it is important that you read and follow the IRC rules as people may not answer you. An example of this is that oftentimes users come in to the channel and ask if anybody is around and then end up leaving 30 seconds later before someone has the chance to answer. Instead, be sure to ask your question and wait. As the saying goes, “don’t ask to ask, just ask!”

English is not your native language? Not a problem! We also provide an International Support page with links to various websites that provide support in Espanol, Deutsch, Francais, and more.

phpBB 3.0 Installation Guide – Steps of Installation process

phpBB 3.0 Olympus has an easy to use installation system that will guide you through the installation process.

After you have decompressed the phpBB3 archive and uploaded the files to the location where you want it to be installed, you need to enter the URL into your browser to open the installation screen. The first time you point your browser to the URL (http://www.example.com/phpBB3 for instance), phpBB will detect that it is not yet installed and automatically redirect you to the installation screen.

1.1. Introduction

The introduction page of the installation system.

1.2.1. Introduction

The installation screen gives you a short introduction into phpBB. It allows you to read the license phpBB 3.0 is released under (the General Public License) and provides information about how you can receive support. To start the installation, click the Install tab (see Figure 1.1, “Introduction”).

1.2.2. Requirements

Important

Please read the section on phpBB3’s requirements to find out more about the phpBB 3.0’s minimum requirements.

The requirements list is the first page you will see after starting the installation. phpBB 3.0 automatically checks if everything that it needs to run properly is installed on your server. In order to continue the installation, you will need to have PHP installed (the minimum version number is shown on the requirements page), and at least one database available to continue the installation. It is also important that all shown folders are available and have the correct permissions set. Please see the description of each section to find out if they are optional or required for phpBB 3.0 to run. If everything is in order, you can continue the installation by clicking the Start Install button.

1.2.3. Database settings

You now have to decide which database to use. See the Requirements section for information on which databases are supported. If you do not know your database settings, please contact your hosting company and ask for them. You will not be able to continue without them. You need:

The Database Type – the database you will be using (e.g. mySQL, SQL server, Oracle)

The Database server hostname or DSN – the address of the database server.

The Database server port – the port of the database server (most of the time this is not needed).

The Database name- the name of the database on the server.

The Database username and Database password – the login data to access the database.

Tip

If you are installing using SQLite, you should enter the full path to your database file in the DSN field and leave the username and password fields blank. For security reasons, you should make sure that the database file is not stored in a location accessible from the web.

1.2. Database settings

The database settings screen, please make sure to have all the required data available

You don’t need to change the Prefix for tables in database setting, unless you plan on using multiple phpBB installations on one database. In this case you can use a different prefix for each installation to make it work.

After you have entered your details, you can continue by clicking the Proceed to next step button. Now, phpBB 3.0 will test and verify the data you entered.

If you see a “Could not connect to the database” error, this means that you didn’t enter the database data correctly and it is not possible for phpBB to connect. Make sure that everything you entered is in order and try again. Again, if you are unsure about your database settings, please contact your host.

Tip

Remember that your database username and password are case sensitive. You must use the exact one you have set up or been given by your host

If you installed another version of phpBB before on the same database with the same prefix, phpBB will inform you and you just need to enter a different database prefix.

If you see the Successful Connection message, you can continue to the next step.

1.2.4. Administrator details

Now you have to create your administration user. This user will have full administration access and he will be the first user on your forum. All fields on this page are required. You can also set the default language of your forum on this page. In a vanilla (basic) phpBB 3.0 installation we only include English [GB]. You can download further languages from www.phpbb.com, and add them later.

1.2.5. Configuration file

In this step, phpBB will automatically try to write the configuration file. The forum needs the configuration to run properly. It contains all of the database settings, so without it, phpBB will not be able to access the database.

Usually, automatically writing the configuration file works fine. But in some cases it can fail due to wrong file permissions, for instance. In this case, you need to upload the file manually. phpBB asks you to download the config.php file and tells you what to do with it. Please read the instructions carefully. After you have uploaded the file, click Done to get to the last step. If Done returns you to the same page as before, and does not return a success message, you did not upload the file correctly.

1.2.6. Advanced settings
The Advanced settings allow you to set some parameters of the board configuration. They are optional, and you can always change them later if you wish. So if you are unsure of what these settings mean, ignore them and proceed to the final step to finish the installation.

If the installation was successful, you can now use the Login button to visit the Administration Control Panel. Congratulations, you have installed phpBB 3.0 successfully. But there is still a lot of work ahead!

If you are unable to get phpBB 3.0 installed even after reading this guide, please look at the support section to find out where you can ask for further assistance.

At this point if you are upgrading from phpBB 2.0, you should refer to the upgrade guide for further information. If not, you should remove the install directory from your server as you will only be able to access the Administration Control Panel whilst it is present.

Build a phpBB Forum in 5 Steps

If you’re thinking of setting up a forum for your Website, you need not start from scratch. The open-source script, phpBB, can easily be installed on most Web servers. This article will describe how to do it right, from downloading through to customisation.
To use this tutorial, you need not know anything about PHP, and need only have had minimum experience with databases.

Introduction to phpBB

phpBB is a stable, open-source, bulletin board script available as a free download from phpbb.com. It allows you to set up an unlimited number of forums and categories. Users, moderators and user groups with varying permissions can be created. In short, it provides everything you’d expect of a bulletin board service. For a complete list of all supported features, see phpbb.com/features.

This software can easily be installed using FTP and a browser. It will run on any PHP-enabled server and requires any one of the following databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL, MS SQL or Access via ODBC.

It doesn’t matter whether your server is running IIS or Apache, though setup tends to be simpler on an Apache Web server. Any Website administrator should be able to install and configure phpBB in a minimum amount of time.

The administrator’s interface allows for ongoing maintenance, so that styles can be changed and topics added or removed. In fact, any administrative duties can be easily performed.

The installation instructions provided at the phpBB site are clear and straightforward. This article does not attempt to replace those instructions but to supplement them and to assist site administrators who are not familiar with PHP. It will help you determine whether you can run phpBB on your server, and if so, how to upload, install and configure it.

System Requirements

As phpBB is written using the server-side scripting language PHP, you need to know whether your Web server supports this language.
If you don’t know the answer to this question, you can always ask your Web host, or upload the following script to your server.

<?php

phpinfo();

?>

Use any text editor to create this file and save it as info.php. The actual name of the file is not as important as the extension, .php. In text mode, upload this file to the root directory on your server. View it by typing the address into your browser.
If your server does not support PHP, all you will see are the three lines of code shown above. In this case, get in touch with your Web host and see if PHP can be enabled for your domain.

If PHP is installed, the configuration settings of PHP will be displayed. Assuming that you have PHP enabled on your server, the info.php file will also be useful to help determine if you have the database support needed by phpBB.

Confirming database support for phpBB varies slightly depending upon the Web server you’re running. Let’s first look at Web servers that use Apache.

Apache/Linux

Most versions of PHP on Apache are compiled with support for MySQL databases. You can confirm this by looking again at the “info.php” file. The third line of this file should be the Configure Command. In this line, look for the words with-mysql.
PostgreSQL is not as widely supported, but you should be able to discover whether your server supports it in exactly the same way, but instead, looking for with-pgsql.

IIS/Windows

There will be no Configure Command available when PHP is run on a Windows platform, so we’ll take a slightly different approach to confirm database support here. Again viewing the info.php file, choose Find from your browser’s menu options and search for your database type.

For instance, if we searched for mssql to confirm support for MS SQL Server, we should see something similar to the text below:

In the same way, you can test for PostgreSQL using the search string pgsql, for MySQL using mysql, and for ODBC support using odbc.
Use the info.php file to determine which version of the database you have. You’ll need to know this when we begin the installation, and, with database and PHP support confirmed, we can now begin that process.

Upload The phpBB Files

Assuming you’ve downloaded and decompressed the files for phpBB, everything you need to upload should be in the directory called phpBB2. The only real requirement is that the directory structure be preserved.

Use your favourite FTP program to upload the files to your server. Make sure that all non-graphic files are transferred in ASCII mode. Most FTP programmes will do this automatically for you, based on the file extensions. Make sure your software is configured to transfer all files with the extensions .php, .tpl, .inc, .htm and .cfg as text files.

After the upload is complete, change the permissions on the config.php file so that they’re writeable by all. If you don’t know how to do this, don’t worry about it. The program will give you the option of saving a new config.php file and then overwriting the original.

Prepare for Installation

In preparation for setting up phpBB on your server, you’ll need the following information:

• Database Server Hostname/DSN

• Database Name

• Database Username

• Database Password

• Admin Email Address

Let’s discuss this information before we proceed. The host name will be the domain name at which your database is hosted. If your database is hosted on the same server as your Web server, all you need enter here is localhost. If it resides on another server, you can enter the appropriate domain name or the IP address. If instead you’re using ODBC to connect, you will need the connection name. If you are unsure about your situation, clarify the specifics with your Web host.

The database name is, quite simply, the name of the database you’re planning to use. You may use an existing database or create a new one. To create a new database, you may again need to speak with your Web host. If you’re using MySQL with phpMyAdmin, then it’s a relatively simple matter. If you’re using an existing database, table names will be created with a distinctive prefix so that the phpBB tables are readily identifiable.

The username and password need no explanation. The admin email is the email address to which you want questions relating to your bulletin board to be sent.

Installation

With all the information at hand, installation is as simple as pointing your browser towards the install.php file. If you uploaded the directory phpBB2 and its contents to the root directory of your server, the path you need is http://www./phpBB2/install/install.php.

Fill in the text boxes and press the Start Install button. Within seconds you should be finished — installation really is that simple. All the necessary database tables have been created for you. If you wish, have a look at them. There should be a total of 29 new tables — and we haven’t even had to think about SQL!

Shut down your browser, and don’t forget to delete the directories called contrib and install. phpBB won’t run until you do so. If, during the installation, you were asked to download the “config.php” file, you must now upload it to the phpBB2 directory, overwriting the existing file.

Administer Your Forum

To administer your Bulletin Board open http://www./phpBB2/index.php in your browser, and log in with the administrator name and password that you specified on installation. Then, click the Go to Administration Panel link at the bottom of the page. You’ll probably want to go to Forum Admin > Management first, to set up a new forum and categories.

Styles Admin is probably the next area you’ll want to look at, but before you do, go to the phpBB site and see what other styles you might like to download. Upon installation, the phpBB default style, subSilver, is the only one available, but any number of styles may be installed.

After downloading them from the phpBB site, you need to upload your new styles to the Templates directory, which is directly below the phpBB2 directory. After this, new styles must be installed from the Administration panel by going to Styles Admin > Add.
Once you’ve found a theme you like, you can further customise it from the administration panel by choosing Style Admin > Management > Edit. You can associate a theme with an entirely new Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), or you can edit the existing one.

Customise Your Forum

Once you’ve settled on a style, you will doubtless want to further customise it in ways that aren’t available through the Administration panel. For instance, you might want to display your own logo, rather than the phpBB logo.
If you have some knowledge of HTML, minor changes like this are not too difficult. Any changes you wish to make to the appearance of the header can be addressed by making changes to the file called overall_header.tpl. Since this file is included for every page within a style, your changes will take effect throughout the whole bulletin board.

Some other changes can be relatively easy to make. For instance, if it doesn’t make sense to have user groups, the appropriate code can simply be commented out of the overall_header.tpl file.

Be aware that phpBB allows users to choose their own styles, so, unless you choose to override the user’s choice of style from the general configuration menu, any installed templates will be available for users to choose. If you do decide to customise styles and also want to allow users their choice, you’ll have to make the appropriate changes to every style template. One change you shouldn’t make is to the copyright notice on the footer of each page.

Conclusion

With little effort and no cost, you’ve installed a professional bulletin board service on your Website, regardless of the server you’re using and your level of knowledge of PHP and databases. The style of this bulletin board can be easily configured to match the look and feel of the rest of your site, so give it a try!

Creating your own WordPress Plugins Easily

WordPress Plugins allow easy modification, customization, and enhancement to a WordPress blog. Instead of changing the core programming of WordPress, you can add functionality with WordPress Plugins. Here is a basic definition:

WordPress Plugin: A WordPress Plugin is a program, or a set of one or more functions, written in the PHP scripting language, that adds a specific set of features or services to the WordPress weblog, which can be seamlessly integrated with the weblog using access points and methods provided by the WordPress Plugin Application Program Interface (API).

Wishing that WordPress had some new or modified functionality? The first thing to do is to search various WordPress Plugin repositories and sources to see if someone has already created a WordPress Plugin that suits your needs. If not, this article will guide you through the process of creating your own WordPress Plugins.

This article assumes you are already familiar with the basic functionality of WordPress, and PHP programming.

Resources
■To understand how WordPress Plugins work and how to install them on your WordPress blog, see Plugins.
■There is a comprehensive list of articles and resources for Plugin developers, including external articles on writing WordPress Plugins, and articles on special topics, in Plugin Resources.
■To learn the basics about how WordPress Plugins are written, view the source code for well-written Plugins, such as Hello Dolly distributed with WordPress.
■Once you have written your WordPress Plugin, read Plugin Submission and Promotion to learn how to distribute it and share it with others.
Creating a Plugin
This section of the article goes through the steps you need to follow, and things to consider when creating a well-structured WordPress Plugin.

Names, Files, and Locations
Plugin Name
The first task in creating a WordPress Plugin is to think about what the Plugin will do, and make a (hopefully unique) name for your Plugin. Check out Plugins and the other repositories it refers to, to verify that your name is unique; you might also do a Google search on your proposed name. Most Plugin developers choose to use names that somewhat describe what the Plugin does; for instance, a weather-related Plugin would probably have the word “weather” in the name. The name can be multiple words.

Plugin Files
The next step is to create a PHP file with a name derived from your chosen Plugin name. For instance, if your Plugin will be called “Fabulous Functionality”, you might call your PHP file fabfunc.php. Again, try to choose a unique name. People who install your Plugin will be putting this PHP file into the WordPress Plugin directory in their installation, wp-content/plugins/, so no two Plugins they are using can have the same PHP file name.

Another option is to split your Plugin into multiple files. Your WordPress Plugin must have at least one PHP file; it could also contain JavaScript files, CSS files, image files, language files, etc. If there are multiple files, pick a unique name for a file directory and for the main PHP file, such as fabfunc and fabfunc.php in this example, put all your Plugin’s files into that directory, and tell your Plugin users to install the whole directory under wp-content/plugins/.

In the rest of this article, “the Plugin PHP file” refers to the main Plugin PHP file, whether in wp-content/plugins/ or a sub-directory.

Readme File
If you want to host your Plugin on http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/, you also need to create a readme.txt file in a standard format, and include it with your Plugin. See http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/about/readme.txt for a description of the format.

Home Page
It is also very useful to create a web page to act as the home page for your WordPress Plugin. This page should describe how to install the Plugin, what it does, what versions of WordPress it is compatible with, what has changed from version to version of your Plugin, and how to use the Plugin.

File Headers
Now it’s time to put some information into your main Plugin PHP file.

Standard Plugin Information
The top of your Plugin’s main PHP file must contain a standard Plugin information header. This header lets WordPress recognize that your Plugin exists, add it to the Plugin management screen so it can be activated, load it, and run its functions; without the header, your Plugin will never be activated and will never run. Here is the header format:

The minimum information WordPress needs to recognize your Plugin is the Plugin Name line. The rest of the information (if present) will be used to create the table of Plugins on the Plugin management screen. The order of the lines is not important.

License
It is customary to follow the standard header with information about licensing for the Plugin. Most Plugins use the GPL license used by WordPress or a license compatible with the GPL. To indicate a GPL license, include the following lines in your Plugin:

Programming Your Plugin
Now, it’s time to make your Plugin actually do something. This section contains some general ideas about Plugin development, and describes how to accomplish several tasks your Plugin will need to do.

WordPress Plugin Hooks
Many WordPress Plugins accomplish their goals by connecting to one or more WordPress Plugin “hooks”. The way Plugin hooks work is that at various times while WordPress is running, WordPress checks to see if any Plugins have registered functions to run at that time, and if so, the functions are run. These functions modify the default behavior of WordPress.

For instance, before WordPress adds the title of a post to browser output, it first checks to see if any Plugin has registered a function for the “filter” hook called “the_title”. If so, the title text is passed in turn through each registered function, and the final result is what is printed. So, if your Plugin needs to add some information to the printed title, it can register a “the_title” filter function.

Another example is the “action” hook called “wp_footer”. Just before the end of the HTML page WordPress is generating, it checks to see whether any Plugins have registered functions for the “wp_footer” action hook, and runs them in turn.

You can learn more about how to register functions for both filter and action hooks, and what Plugin hooks are available in WordPress, in the Plugin API. If you find a spot in the WordPress code where you’d like to have an action or filter, but WordPress doesn’t have one, you can also suggest new hooks (suggestions will generally be taken); see Reporting Bugs to find out how.

Template Tags
Another way for a WordPress Plugin to add functionality to WordPress is by creating custom Template Tags. Someone who wants to use your Plugin can add these “tags” to their theme, in the sidebar, post content section, or wherever it is appropriate. For instance, a Plugin that adds geographical tags to posts might define a template tag function called geotag_list_states() for the sidebar, which lists all the states posts are tagged with, with links to the state-based archive pages the Plugin enables.

To define a custom template tag, simply write a PHP function and document it for Plugin users on your Plugin’s home page and/or in the Plugin’s main PHP file. It’s a good idea when documenting the function to give an example of exactly what needs to be added to the theme file to use the function, including the .

Saving Plugin Data to the Database
Most WordPress Plugins will need to get some input from the site owner or blog users and save it between sessions, for use in its filter functions, action functions, and template functions. This information has to be saved in the WordPress database, in order to be persistent between sessions. There are two basic methods for saving Plugin data in the database:

1.Use the WordPress “option” mechanism (described below). This method is appropriate for storing relatively small amounts of relatively static, named pieces of data — the type of data you’d expect the site owner to enter when first setting up the Plugin, and rarely change thereafter.
2.Post Meta (a.k.a. Custom Fields). Appropriate for data associated with individual posts, pages, or attachments. See post_meta Function Examples, add_post_meta(), and related functions.
3.Create a new, custom database table. This method is appropriate for data associated with individual posts, pages, attachments, or comments — the type of data that will grow as time goes on, and that doesn’t have individual names. See Creating Tables with Plugins for information on how to do this.
WordPress Options Mechanism
See Creating Options Pages for info on how to create a page that will automatically save your options for you.

WordPress has a mechanism for saving, updating, and retrieving individual, named pieces of data (”options”) in the WordPress database. Option values can be strings, arrays, or PHP objects (they will be “serialized”, or converted to a string, before storage, and unserialized when retrieved). Option names are strings, and they must be unique, so that they do not conflict with either WordPress or other Plugins.

Here are the main functions your Plugin can use to access WordPress options.

add_option($name, $value, $deprecated, $autoload);
Creates a new option; does nothing if option already exists.
$name
Required (string). Name of the option to be added.
$value
Optional (string), defaults to empty string. The option value to be stored.
$deprecated
Optional (string), no longer used by WordPress, You may pass an empty string or null to this argument if you wish to use the following $autoload parameter.
$autoload
Optional, defaults to ‘yes’ (enum: ‘yes’ or ‘no’). If set to ‘yes’ the setting is automatically retrieved by the get_alloptions function.
get_option($option);
Retrieves an option value from the database.
$option
Required (string). Name of the option whose value you want returned. You can find a list of the default options that are installed with WordPress at the Option Reference.
update_option($option_name, $newvalue);
Updates or creates an option value in the database (note that add_option does not have to be called if you do not want to use the $deprecated or $autoload parameters).
$option_name
Required (string). Name of the option to update.
$newvalue
Required. (string|array|object) The new value for the option.
Administration Panels
Assuming that your Plugin has some options stored in the WordPress database (see section above), you will probably want it to have an administration panel that will enable your Plugin users to view and edit option values. The methods for doing this are described in Adding Administration Menus.

Internationalizing Your Plugin
Once you have the programming for your Plugin done, another consideration (assuming you are planning on distributing your Plugin) is internationalization. Internationalization is the process of setting up software so that it can be localized; localization is the process of translating text displayed by the software into different languages. WordPress is used all around the world, so it has internationalization and localization built into its structure, including localization of Plugins.

It is highly recommended that you internationalize your Plugin, so that users from different countries can localize it. There is a comprehensive reference on internationalization, including a section describing how to internationalize your plugin, at I18n for WordPress Developers.

Plugin Development Suggestions
This last section contains some random suggestions regarding Plugin development.

■The code of a WordPress Plugin should follow the WordPress Coding Standards. Please consider the Inline Documentation Standards as well.
■All the functions in your Plugin need to have unique names that are different from functions in the WordPress core, other Plugins, and themes. For that reason, it is a good idea to use a unique function name prefix on all of your Plugin’s functions. Another possibility is to define your Plugin functions inside a class (which also needs to have a unique name).
■Do not hardcode the WordPress database table prefix (usually “wp_”) into your Plugins. Be sure to use the $wpdb->prefix variable instead.
■Database reading is cheap, but writing is expensive. Databases are exceptionally good at fetching data and giving it to you, and these operations are (usually) lightning quick. Making changes to the database, though, is a more complex process, and computationally more expensive. As a result, try to minimize the amount of writing you do to the database. Get everything prepared in your code first, so that you can make only those write operations that you need.
■SELECT only what you need. Even though databases fetch data blindingly fast, you should still try to reduce the load on the database by only selecting that data which you need to use. If you need to count the number of rows in a table don’t SELECT * FROM, because all the data in all the rows will be pulled, wasting memory. Likewise, if you only need the post_id and the post_author in your Plugin, then just SELECT those specific fields, to minimize database load. Remember: hundreds of other processes may be hitting the database at the same time. The database and server each have only so many resources to spread around amongst all those processes. Learning how to minimize your Plugin’s hit against the database will ensure that your Plugin isn’t the one that is blamed for abuse of resources.
■Eliminate PHP errors in your plugin. Add define(’WP_DEBUG’, true); to your wp-config.php file, try all of your plugin functionality, and check to see if there are any errors or warnings. Fix any that occur, and continue in debug mode until they have all been eliminated.

developing or designing your own WordPress Theme

The following article is about developing or designing your own WordPress Theme. If you wish to learn more about how to install and use Themes, review the documentation regarding Using Themes. This topic differs from Using Themes because it discusses the technical aspects of writing code to build your own Themes rather than how to activate Themes or where to obtain new Themes.

You may wish to develop WordPress Themes for your own use or for distribution.

Why WordPress Themes

WordPress Themes are files and styles that work together to create a presentation or look for a WordPress site. Each Theme may be different, offering many choices for users to take advantage of in order to instantly change their website look.

Why should you build your own WordPress Theme?

 To create your own unique WordPress site look
 To take advantage of templates, template tags, and the WordPress Loop to generate different web page results and looks.
 To provide alternative templates for specific site features, such as category pages and search result pages.
 To quickly switch between two site layouts, or to take advantage of a Theme or style switcher to allow users to change the look of your site.
 To design WordPress Theme(s) so that others may enjoy your designs through public release.
A WordPress Theme has many benefits, too.
 It separates the presentation styles and template files from the system files so the site will upgrade without drastic changes to the visual presentation of the site.
 It allows for customization of the presentation and web page results unique to that Theme.
 It allows for quick changes of the look and feel of a WordPress site.
 It takes away the need for a WordPress user to have to learn CSS, HTML, and PHP in order to have a good looking website.
Why should you build your own WordPress Theme? That’s the real question.
 It’s an opportunity to learn more about CSS, HTML/XHTML, and PHP.
 It’s an opportunity to put your expertise with CSS, HTML/XHTML, and PHP to work.
 It’s creative.
 It’s fun (most of the time).
 If you release it to the public, you can feel good that you shared and gave something back to the WordPress Community (okay, bragging rights!)

Anatomy of a Theme

WordPress Themes live in subdirectories residing in wp-content/themes/. The Theme’s subdirectory holds all of the Theme’s style sheet files, template files, and optional functions file (functions.php), and images. For example, a Theme named “test” would probably reside in the directory wp-content/themes/test/.
WordPress includes two Themes in the download, a “Classic” and “Default” Theme. The two Themes are different and use different functions and tags to generate their web page results and looks. Examine the files carefully for these Themes to get a better idea of how to build your own Theme files.
WordPress Themes consist of three main types of files, in addition to images. One is the style sheet called style.css, which controls the presentation (look) of the web pages. The second is the optional functions file (functions.php). The other files are the template files which control the way the web page generates the information from the Database to be displayed as a web page. Let’s look at these individually.
Theme Style Sheet
In addition to CSS style information for your theme, the stylesheet, style.css must provide details about the Theme in the form of comments. No two Themes are allowed to have the same details listed in their comment headers, as this will lead to problems in the Theme selection dialog. If you make your own Theme by copying an existing one, make sure you change this information first.
The following is an example of the first few lines of the stylesheet, called the style sheet header, for the Theme “Rose”:
/*
Theme Name: Rose
Theme URI: the-theme’s-homepage
Description: a-brief-description
Author: your-name
Author URI: your-URI
Template: use-this-to-define-a-parent-theme–optional
Version: a-number–optional
.
General comments/License Statement if any.
.
*/
The simplest Theme includes only a style.css file, plus images, if any. To create such a Theme, you must specify a set of templates to inherit for use with the Theme by editing the Template: line in the style.css header comments. For example, if you wanted the Theme “Rose” to inherit the templates from another Theme called “test”, you would include Template: test in the comments at the beginning of Rose’s style.css. Now “test” is the parent Theme for “Rose”, which still consists only of a style.css file and the concomitant images, all located in the directory wp-content/themes/Rose. Additionally (as of WordPress 2.7), the child theme may contain template files, which can be selected in the admin panel as normal, and will override the parent’s template files where those possess the same name.
The comment header lines in style.css are required for WordPress to be able to identify a Theme and display it in the Administration Panel under Design > Themes as an available Theme option along with any other installed Themes.
Note : When defining the parent Theme, in the Template: section of the comment header, you must use the name of the directory of the style. For example, to use as parent template called Cold Steel, don’t write Template: Cold Steel, but Template: cold_steel, assuming cold_steel is the directory of that Theme. Also, Themes that inherit from default should not specify the Template: section at all.
Theme Functions File
A theme can optionally use a functions file, which resides in the theme subdirectory and is named functions.php. This file basically acts like a plugin, and if it is present in the theme you are using, it is automatically loaded during WordPress initialization (both for admin pages and external pages). Suggested uses for this file:
 Define functions used in several template files of your theme
 Set up an admin screen, giving users options for colors, styles, and other aspects of your theme
The “Default” WordPress theme contains a functions.php file that defines functions and an admin screen, so you might want to use it as a model. Since functions.php basically functions as a plugin, the Function_Reference list is the best place to go for more information on what you can do with this file.
Theme Template Files
Templates are PHP source files used to generate the pages requested by visitors. Let’s look at the various templates that can be defined as part of a Theme.
WordPress allows you to define separate templates for the various aspects of your weblog; however, it is not essential to have all these different template files for your blog to function fully. Templates are chosen and generated based upon the Template Hierarchy, depending upon what templates are available in a particular Theme. As a Theme developer, you can choose the amount of customization you want to implement using templates. For example, as an extreme case, you can use only one template file, called index.php as the template for all pages generated and displayed by the weblog. A more common use is to have different template files generate different results, to allow maximum customization.
Basic Templates
At the very minimum, a WordPress Theme consists of two files:
 style.css
 index.php
Both of these files go into the Theme’s directory. The index.php template file is very flexible. It can be used to include all references to the header, sidebar, footer, content, categories, archives, search, error, and other web pages generated by the user on your site. Or it can be subdivided into modular template files, each one taking on part of the workload. If you do not provide any other template files, WordPress will use the built-in default files. For example, if you do not have either a comments.php or comments-popup.php template file, then WordPress will automatically use the wp-comments.php and wp-comments-popup.php template files using Template Hierarchy. These default templates may not match your Theme very well, so you probably will want to provide your own. The basic files normally used to subdivide (which go into the Theme’s directory) are:
 header.php
 sidebar.php
 footer.php
 comments.php
 comments-popup.php
Using these modular template files, you can put template tags within the index.php master file to include or get these units where you want them to appear in the final generated web page.
 To include the header, use the get_header() template tag.
 To include the sidebar, use the get_sidebar() template tag.
 To include the footer, use the get_footer() template tag.
Here is an example of the include usage:

For more on how these various Templates work and how to generate different information within them, read the Templates documentation.
Query-based Templates
WordPress can load different Templates for different query types. There are two ways to do this: as part of the built-in Template Hierarchy, and through the use of Conditional Tags within The Loop of a template file.
To use the Template Hierarchy, you basically need to provide special-purpose Template files, which will automatically be used to override index.php. For instance, if your Theme provides a template called category.php and a category is being queried, category.php will be loaded instead of index.php. If category.php is not present, index.php is used as usual.
You can get even more specific in the Template Hierarchy by providing a file called, for instance, category-6.php — this file will be used rather than category.php when generating the page for the category whose ID number is 6. (You can find category ID numbers in Manage > Categories if you are logged in as the site administrator in WordPress version 2.3 and below. In WordPress 2.5 the ID column was removed from the Admin panels. You can locate the category id by clicking ‘Edit Category’ and looking on the URL address bar for the cat_ID value. It will look ‘…categories.php?action=edit&cat_ID=3′ where ‘3′ is the category id). For a more detailed look at how this process works, see Category Templates.
If your Theme needs to have even more control over which Template files are used than what is provided in the Template Hierarchy, you can use Conditional Tags. The Conditional Tag basically checks to see if some particular condition is true, within the WordPress Loop, and then you can load a particular template, or put some particular text on the screen, based on that condition.
For example, to generate a distinctive style sheet in a post only found within a specific category, the code might look like this:

Or, using a query, it might look like this:
post;
if ( in_category(’9′) ) {
include(TEMPLATEPATH . ‘/single2.php’);
} else {
include(TEMPLATEPATH . ‘/single1.php’);
}
?>
In either case, this example code will cause different templates to be used depending on the category of the particular post being displayed. Query conditions are not limited to categories, however — see the Conditional Tags article to look at all the options.
Media Icons
This feature is currently broken in WordPress 2.5.
Wordpress uses media icons to represent attachment files on your blog and in the Admin interface, if those icons are available.
It looks for image files named by media type in the images directory of the current theme. (As of Wordpress 2.2, the default theme comes with only one media icon, audio.jpg.)
For example, for an attachment of MIME type audio/mpeg, Wordpress would look for an icon file at these locations, stopping after the first match (see wp_mime_type_icon):
1. my_theme/images/audio.jpg
2. my_theme/images/audio.gif
3. my_theme/images/audio.png
4. my_theme/images/mpeg.jpg
5. my_theme/images/mpeg.gif
6. my_theme/images/mpeg.png
7. my_theme/images/audio_mpeg.jpg
8. my_theme/images/audio_mpeg.gif
9. my_theme/images/audio_mpeg.png
Theme Template Files List
Here is the list of Theme template files recognized by WordPress. Of course, your Theme can contain any other style sheets, images, or files. Just keep in mind that the following have special meaning to WordPress — see Template Hierarchy for more information.
style.css
The main stylesheet. This must be included with your Theme, and it must contain the information header for your Theme.
index.php
The main template. If your Theme provides its own templates, index.php must be present.
comments.php
The comments template. If not present, comments.php from the “default” Theme is used.
comments-popup.php
The popup comments template. If not present, comments-popup.php from the “default” Theme is used.
home.php
The home page template.
single.php
The single post template. Used when a single post is queried. For this and all other query templates, index.php is used if the query template is not present.
page.php
The page template. Used when an individual Page is queried.
category.php
The category template. Used when a category is queried.
tag.php
The tag template. Used when a tag is queried.
taxonomy.php
The term template. Used when a term in a custom taxonomy is queried.
author.php
The author template. Used when an author is queried.
date.php
The date/time template. Used when a date or time is queried. Year, month, day, hour, minute, second.
archive.php
The archive template. Used when a category, author, or date is queried. Note that this template will be overridden by category.php, author.php, and date.php for their respective query types.
search.php
The search results template. Used when a search is performed.
404.php
The 404 Not Found template. Used when WordPress cannot find a post or page that matches the query.
These files have a special meaning with regard to WordPress because they are used as a replacement for index.php, when available, according to the Template Hierarchy, and when the corresponding Conditional Tag (a.k.a is_*(); function) returns true. For example, if only a single post is being displayed, the is_single() function returns ‘true’, and, if there is a single.php file in the active Theme, that template is used to generate the page.
Referencing Files From a Template
The WordPress Default Theme (based on Michael Heilemann’s Kubrick layout for WordPress 1.2) provides a good example of how queries are mapped onto templates.
The code inserts the URL of the template directory into the template output. You can append any additional URI information to this output to reference files in your Theme.
The code inserts the URL of the directory that contains the current Theme stylesheet into the template output. You can append any additional URI information to this output to reference files for your Theme, specifically those that are used by the stylesheet.
The constant TEMPLATEPATH is a reference to the absolute path to the template directory for the current Theme (without the / at the end).
Note that URIs that are used in the stylesheet are relative to the stylesheet, not the page that references the stylesheet. For example, if you include an images/ directory in your Theme, you need only specify this relative directory in the CSS, like so:
h1 { background-image: URL(images/my_background.jpg); }
It is a good practice to use URIs in the manner described above to reference files from within a template, since, then your template will not depend on absolute paths.
Defining Custom Templates
It is possible to use the WordPress plugin system to define additional templates that are shown based on your own custom criteria. This advanced feature can be accomplished using the template_redirect action hook. More information about creating plugins can be found in the Plugin API reference.
Plugin API Hooks
When developing Themes, it’s good to keep in mind that your Theme should be set up so that it can work well with any WordPress plugins you (or another Theme user) might decide to install. Plugins add functionality to WordPress via “Action Hooks” (see Plugin API for more information). Most Action Hooks are within the core PHP code of WordPress, so your Theme does not have to have any special tags for them to work. But a few Action Hooks do need to be present in your Theme, in order for Plugins to display information directly in your header, footer, sidebar, or in the page body. Here is a list of the special Action Hook Template Tags you need to include:
wp_head
Goes in the HTML element of a theme; header.php template. Example plugin use: add javascript code.
Usage:
-or-
wp_footer
Goes in the “footer” of a theme; footer.php template. Example plugin use: insert PHP code that needs to run after everything else, at the bottom of the footer.
Usage:
-or-
wp_meta
Typically goes in the

Meta

section of a theme’s menu or sidebar; sidebar.php template. Example plugin use: include a rotating advertisement or a tag cloud.
Usage:
-or-
comment_form
Goes in comments.php and comments-popup.php, directly before the comment form’s closing tag (

). Example plugin use: display a comment preview.
Usage: ID); ?>
For a real world usage example, you’ll find these plugin hooks included in the default theme’s templates.
Theme Development General Guidelines
Please be clear about the following in your documentation (a README file included with your Theme helps many users over any potential stumbling blocks):
1. Indicate precisely what your Theme and template files will achieve.
2. Adhere to the naming conventions of the standard theme hierarchy.
3. Indicate deficiencies in your Themes, if any.
4. Clearly reference any special modifications in comments within the template and style sheet files. Add comments to modifications, template sections, and CSS styles, especially those which cross template files.
5. If you have any special requirements, which may include custom Rewrite Rules, or the use of some additional, special templates, images or files, please explicitly state the steps of action a user should take to get your Theme working.
6. Try and test your Theme across browsers to catch at least a few of the problems the users of the Theme may find later.
7. Provide contact information (web page or email), if possible, for support information and questions.
Take time to read through Designing Themes for Public Release, an article with good tips on preparing your Theme for the public.

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